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1. Mechanical Method.
2. Spotting fluids.
3. Hydrostatic pressure can be reduced. In general, penetration of oil based spotting fluids into the filter cake accompanied by dehydration and cracking results in reduction of a differential pressure across the drill string. Spotting fluids are generally positioned in the open hole to completely cover the problem area.

1. Physical State :
   The material as received , shall be a free flowing liquid at ambeint temperature, free from visible impurities.
2. Mud Lubricity Coefficient :
   The lubricity coefficient shall not be more than 0.25
3. Reduction In Interfacial Tension :
   a) Determine interfacial tension of HSD and water at room tempaerature.
   b) Now seperately add 2.5% (w/v) spotting fluid to HSD and mix well , determine interfacial tension of HSD (containing spotting fluid and water again). The interfacial tension in (b) shall be reduced compared to (a) by 50% (Min).
4. Stability Test :
   (i) Thermal Stability :
   Prepare a spotting fluid slug by adding 78 ml. spotting fluid sample to 510 ml HSD & stirring with Hamilon beach mixer for  10 min. at high speed. To this add 110 ml. distilled water followed  by 15 gm. Lime powder slowly while stirring and continue stirring  for 1 hour after addition is complete (stirring should be interrupted after every 20 minutes and stirrer should be allowed to  cool for 10 minutes. This process should be repeated three times.). Load with barytes to sp. Gravity 1.90 – 1.92. Again stir with 
   Hamiton Beach Mixer for 1 hour in the manner described above. Determine apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yeild point, Gelo  and Gel 10 of the suspension. Hot roll one portion of above suspension at 100°C for 4 hrs. Cool and again determine apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yeild point, Gelo and Gel 10.
   Variation in the value of above mentioned properties , after hot rolling, compared to before hot rolling shall be ± 20% (maximum).
   (ii) Weight Stability :
   Place 500 ml. portion of the weighted spotting fluid slug prepared above (before hot rolling) in a cylinder having two drain valves, one near the top and the other near bottom. Keep the cylinder unditurbed for 2 hrs. Draw samples from top and bottom and determine their resopective specific gravity.
   Difference in the two specific gravity should not be more than 0.02.
5. Filter Cake Cracking Test :
   Prepare prehydrated bentonite suspension (using ONGC approved bentonite) & dilute with distilled water to obtain suspension of 15 cp ap0parent viscosity. Obtain a filter cake of this mud in the API filter press by carrying out filtration for 30 min at 100 psi pressure. Throw the mud away, wash the mud cake with slow stream of water (without removing the mud cake from the cell) and fill the cell with 100 ml. HSD oil containing 2.5%(w/v) spotting fluid. Close the cell and apply 100 psi pressure for 2 hrs. Release pressure , throw out the HSD solution observe cracking pattern on the mud cake. It should develop extensive crack.
6. Stickness Test :
   Prepare 15 cp. Bentonite suspension, as in the case of filter cake cracking test. Load it with barytes to sp. Gr. 1.20 . From a filter cake by applying 500 psi pressure for 30 min. in the modified Bariod Stickness Tester. Stick the plate by pressing it on the cake for 5 minutes and leave for 1 hr. under 500 psi pressure. Then release the pressure ,open bottom & top stoppers & with fill the cell with 100 ml. of HSD oil containing 2.5% (w/v) of the sample of spotting fluid. Close the top stopper and again apply 500 psi pressure. Note the time for release of stuck plate and if not released in 20 minutes, apply torque with torque wrench.
   The plate should be released by applying torque, of less than 75 inch – pounds.
7. Packing :
   Should be packed in leak proof, sealed M.S.drums, strong enough to withstand rigors of transit and storage , capacity 200 litres per drum.

1. Mechanical Method.
2. Spotting fluids.
3. Hydrostatic pressure can be reduced. In general, penetration of oil based spotting fluids into the filter cake accompanied by dehydration and cracking results in reduction of a differential pressure across the drill string. Spotting fluids are generally positioned in the open hole to completely cover the problem area.

1. Physical State : 
   Yellow, brown or blackish coloured liquid
2. Solubility
   A. Completely miscible with HSD oil.
   B. Immiscible with water.
3. Density of 30+2°C : 
   It will be in the range 0.85 – 0.95 gm/ml.

1. Lubricity Test 
   1. In fresh water mud: Prepare a bentonite suspension, using upto 7.5% (w/v) approved bentonite in distilled water by stirring with a laboratory stirrer(5000 - 6000 rpm) for 30 min. and aging at 30+2°C for 24 hrs and restirring with the same stirrer for 15 min so that the resultant mud has apparent viscosity in the range 15 + 1c.p. To this mud, add 0.5% (w/v) of the material while stirring with above stirrer for 15 min and measure lubricity coefficient tester. It will not be more than 0.15.
   
   2. In salt water mud : Prepare a 10% (w/v) bentonite suspension by stirring with a laboratory stirrer (5000 – 6000 rpm) for 30 min and age for 24 hrs. at 30+2°C add 4% (w/v) sodium chloride (L.R. grade) and age for 24 hrs at 30+2°C . Adjust the apparent viscosity  of this suspension to 15 + 1 c.p. by dilution with 4% (w/v) sodium chloride solution. Now add 0.5% (w/v) of the material and stir for 
   5 min with above mentioned stirrer & then determine the lubricity  coefficient of the mud. It will not be more than 0.20.
2. Extreme  Pressure  Lubrication  Test  :
   1.In fresh water mud : Prepare the bentonite suspension as in 4(A) (i) and Similarly treat with 0.5% (w/v) of the material while stirring for 15 min. Determine its firm strength at 300 in-lb load with the help of E.P. tester. It will be 25000 psi (min)
   2. In salt water mud : prepare the salt water mud as in 4(A) (iii) and similarly Treat wih 0.5% (w/v) of the material while stirring for 15 min. Determine its film strength at 300 in-lb load with the help of E.P. tester. It will be 20000 psi (minimum).

1. Concentration of emulsifier required to from o/w emulsion utilizing conventional water base gel and high speed diesel in the ratio 1:2 and to obtain following results, ml/litre : 
   3 (Max).
2. Viscosity of emulsion at 511 sec - shear rate , CP. 
   a. At 24 ± 2°C : 95 (min).
   b. After aging at 90 ± 2°C for 4 hrs : 5 (max).
3. Flow behaviours index (N’)
   a. At 24 ± 2°C : 0.7 (max).
   b. After aging at 90 ± 2°C : 0.99 – 1.00
4. Phase seperation test for emulsion at 4(1)
   a. Temp. of test, °C : 90 + 2
   b. Duration of test , hrs : 1
   c. Percentage phase seperation by volume : 100 (Min).

1. Formation of precipitate : Negative
2.  Wettability characteristics : Positive
3. Phase seperation test : Positive

1. 100ml. of emulsion is taken in a stoppered graduated cylinder & emulsion is 
   heated to 45 ± 1°C in water bath.
2. 1% Solution of the demulsifier is added in precalculated volume.
3. Mixing is done by shaking the cylinder lengthwise giving 100 strokes.
4. Doped emulsion is placed in hot water bath is cured for 1 hr. at 60 ± 1°C.
5. After curing the cylinder is taken out of the water bath & oil is drwan from the top layer for water content determination. 
6. The water seperation is noted.
7. A blank test is also to be performed simultaneously.